Stackable Portable Digital Credentials in Education and Industry
There is a growing interest in “stackable credentials” as a
solution to problems faced by students, higher education institutions,
workforce training programs, schools, and employers. A report
by the Center for Postsecondary and Economic Success at CLASP defines
credentials to include “degrees; diplomas; credit-bearing, noncredit, and work
readiness certificates; badges; professional/ industry certifications;
apprenticeships; and licenses—all of which in different ways testify to
people’s skills, knowledge, and abilities.”
The U.S. Department of Labor defines a credential as stackable
“when it is part of a sequence of
credentials that can be accumulated over time and move an individual along a
career pathway or up a career ladder.” The same concept might apply to a
pre-career sequence of educational achievements such as credentials that
qualify a secondary student to enter higher education.
An example “stackable” credential is a job-specific certificate
earned in the short-term while counting toward the longer-term goal of a
degree. Stackable credentials provide value to both the student and potential
employers by showing short-term value (what can a person can do now) and as a
milestone toward a larger educational achievement. This is especially valuable
for people who enter the workforce while continuing to pursue a degree. The Department
of Labor recommends
that higher education and workforce training providers “modularize curricula
into smaller portions, or chunks, enhancing the ability of individuals to earn
interim credentials and combine part-time study with full-time employment
and/or supporting a family.”
Many organizations including
the U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Department of Education, community colleges,
four-year colleges, workforce training programs, and industry groups are
investigating how stackable credentials might address problems such as:
·
students giving up before completing high school
and college,
·
the overwhelming cost of an all-or-nothing
college credential,
·
unemployment persists while employers have trouble
filling positions, and
·
training programs having trouble keeping up with
changing needs in the global and local economies.
Stackable credentials also include certifications and
licenses earned after receiving a
degree. For example, medical professionals with multiple specialties may be
more likely to be hired because they can
fill more than one role (e.g. phlebotomist and EKG technician). Digital
Promise is developing a micro-credential system that provides teachers with
the opportunity to gain recognition for skills they master throughout their
careers.
Portable credentials
are credentials that are accepted across institutions, and across domains. One
issue of portability has to do with a common understanding of the student
competencies that the credential represents. When a student receives a
baccalaureate degree in accounting, potential employers expect that the
credential means the student has certain skills that qualify her for an entry
level position in the accounting field. If the student is earning a credential
with the intent of using it to qualify for a job then the competency model used
by the issuing institution should be industry recognized. If a K-12 student is earning a high school
diploma with the intent of going on to college, the diploma should be
acceptable evidence for the postsecondary institution to know that the student
is college ready.
Another issue of portability is the
acceptance of the credential in another jurisdiction, for example, if an
associate degree or certificate earned at a community college in one state is
accepted at a 4-year institution in another state as credit towards a
bachelor’s degree.
Digital Credentials
Digital
credentials are verifiable electronic
records of a person’s achievements or qualifications. Digital credentials take
different forms depending on how they are used. Technical implementations include
electronic transcripts, digital certificates, and digital badges. For
portability, the digital credentials must use widely adopted technical standards
for interoperability between issuing and consuming data systems.
Technical Standards for Stackable Credentials
Government agencies, industry groups, standards bodies and education providers are developing approaches to the data collection and use related to stackable credentials. For example:
- The Badge Alliance and related Open Badges Initiative have developed an open standard and free software for digital badges (an image file with embedded metadata representing a personal achievement) that links back to the issuer, criteria and verifying evidence.
- The Common Education Data Standards (CEDS) include standard vocabulary for data used to recognize student achievements linked to evidence.
- Credential Transparency Initiative is creating a credential registry that will allow users to see what various credentials — from college degrees to industry certifications and micro-credentials — represented in terms of competencies, transfer value, assessment rigor, and third-party endorsement.
- IMS Global is working with college registrars on an extended electronic transcript standard that would include record of competencies and non-course activities.
- PESC has formed an Academic Credentialing & Experiential Learning Task Force to build on its previous eTranscript standard
- W3C Credentials Workgroup plans to publish a standard for encoding personal credentials in a way that can be authenticated and verified using technology similar to bitcoin and technologies addressing personal identity and privacy.
Some of the implementation challenges that these
organizations are wrestling with include:
·
Should a persons digital credentials from
multiple institutions be kept in a “locker” or “backpack” under the stewardship
of a third party hosting organization, held privately by the recipient, or
exist in a distributed network?
·
What technology should be use to certify the
validity of a credential and protect against counterfeit credentials?
·
What method and data standards should be used to
standardize the information about what a credential represents?
·
How to digitally link the identity of a person
to a credential they have received?
Key terms related to this topic include:
career pathway –
a series of achievements and that qualify a person for a career
career latter – a
path of achievements that allow a person to move into increasingly more advanced
jobs within a single industry or career path
career lattice –
a connected sequence of achievements that allow a person to move up in a career
pathway or over to a new career using transferable qualifications
digital credential
– a verifiable electronic record of a person’s achievement or qualification
portable credential
– credentials that are accepted across institutions and/or domains
stackable credential – part of a sequence of credentials that
can be accumulated over time
micro-credential
– a credential that recognized mastery of a single competency
